CANCER, ITS CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT

Definition of cancer.

Cancer is not one disease. It is a group of almost 100 disease. Normally there are two major characteristics of cancer. 1^st one is “uncontrolled growth of the cells and 2^nd is the ability of these infected cells to travel from the original place and spread to distant sites. In short this uncontrolled growth of cell in human body is called cancer.

Cancer is a disease of genes. A gene is a small part of DNA. A majority of cancers are caused by changes in the cell’s DNA. It is because of damage due to the environment.

There are two types of cancer. Benign and malignant. Normally a benign tumor is not considered cancer. Benign tumor grows slowly and it does not spread surrounding tissue. In many cases benign tumor once removed, it does not appear again in the human body. On the other hand, A malignant tumor is a series cancer. It spreads to the other parts of the human body. Even after the malignant tumor is removed, there are still chances to reappear.

There are many different types of the cancer.

1.  CARCINOMAS.

This kind of cancer often appears in the epithelium. 90% of cancer fall in to this type of category. It can also be subdivided into two types. One of them is Adenocarcinomas and second one is squamous cell carcinomas. Adenocarcinomas cancer develop in a gland or in an organ. Squamous cell carcinomas originate in the skin.

2. Melanomas.

It also originate in the skin. Usually it appears in the pigment cells.

3. Sarcomas.

It is a cancer of the supporting tissues of human body. For example muscle, bone etc.

4. Leukemias/Lymphomas.

Normally leukemias is called blood cancer and lymphomas is the cancer of  lymph glands.

5. Gliomas.

Cancer of the Nerve tissue is called gliomas.

Causes of Cancer.

There are many causes of cancer but major factors for cancer are as below.

Tobacco

Alcohol

Diet

Infectious agents

Sexual behavior

Occupation

Family history

Environment and pollution.

Etc.

According to critical survey of ACS (American Cancer Society), 40% of cancer deaths in 1997 were due to tobacco and alcohol use. One third of the deaths were related to diet and nutrition. In 1998, approximately one million skin cancers diagnosed were due to over exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun rays. 80 to 90% lungs cancer cases occurs in tobacco user or smokers. Tobacco can cause cancer of upper respiratory tract, esophagus, larynx, bladder, pancreas, liver, stomach and kidney as well.

Alcohol increases the chance of liver cancer. 35% of all cancers are due to dietary causes. Diet is a main reason of the cancer of breast, colon, prostate, gall bladder, uterus etc.

Having too many sex partners increases cancer chances. Similarly becoming sexually active early has been shown to increase this disease. Women who do not have kids or have children late in their life have more risk for cancer of ovarian and breast.

15% of the worlds cancer death can be traced to different viruses or parasites.

Cancer is a progressive disease. It goes through different stages. When a tumor grows, it puts pressure on the nearby organs and blood vessels. This pressure can cause pain.  There are seven important symptoms, known as warning signals of cancer.

A sore that does not heal

Continues cough, sore throat

Changes in the size, color of a wart.

A lump in the breast

Bleeding/discharging

Change in bladder habits.

However cancer is dangerous but in early stages it is curable. 

HUMAN HEART ANATOMY & FUNCTION

Human heart

Heart is a vital organ of human body. Human cannot live without heart. It is just like a pump who is responsible for supplying the blood to human body. It is a pear shaped structured. The major purpose of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. We can say that it is an amazing organ of human body. As with all other pumps it also need repair when it become clogged. If we get some basic knowledge about heart and what is better or bad for heart, it can reduce risk of heart problems. Heart supplies oxygenated blood to our body. 

Whenever heart beats, it exerts a pressure on the veins and arteries. This pressure is called blood pressure. This blood pressure must be controlled if it is extremely high or low. Blood pressure problem can be solved by taking proper medicines prescribed by a Doctor. Particular and proper exercise is also useful for blood pressure.

Structure of Heart.

There are four main chambers of the heart.

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Some other arteries and veins are as follows.

Brachiocephalic artery

Left common caroted artery

Left subclavian artery

Ascending Aorta

Right Branches of pulmonary artery

Left branches of pulmonary artery

Superior vena cava

Right Pulmonary veins.

Left Pulmonary veins

Tricuspid valve

Interior vena cava

Interventricular septum

Apex

Aortic arch

Pulmonary valve

Mitral valve

Heart is made of a special muscle called myocardium. It is enclosed in a double layered membranous called “pericardium”. It lies between the lungs. It contains four chamber, large arteries and veins. These four parts or chambers are named as atrium and ventricles. A muscle wall divides heart into two different cavities. The right cavity pumps blood throughout the boy whereas the left cavity pumps blood throughout the human body. The two upper chambers of the heart are called atrium while the bottom chambers are called ventricles. Chamber of right side receives blood from the body and the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. This left side pumps the blood  to the rest of the body. A healthy heart beats near about 100000 times a day. It pumps about 2000 gallons of blood. Our heart pumps nearly five quarts of blood through our body in every minutes. A heart beats about 3 billion times during a seventy years life. Any accidental damage to the heart can reduce its pumping power.

So keep yourself healthy, eat healthy, take well balanced diet and take a regular exercise. Also it has proof that laughter is best medicine for heart. It is common observation that when some one sees a funny drama, his blood flow increases. So always be happy….

HUMAN EYE ANATOMY. (PARTS OF HUMAN EYE)

 Human eye Anatomy.

Human eye is the most complex organ in the body. There are many working parts in the eye and its overall anatomy is very complicated. You can say that that human eye is just like a camera. Human consists of many parts. These parts are given below.

• Lens  
• Posterior chamber
• Anterior Chamber
• Cornea
• Pupil
• Aqueous humor
• Iris
• Conjectiva
• Suspensory ligament zonules
• Ciliary body

All above mentioned parts are found the front side of eye and other parts which are found on the backside of the eye are given below.

• Lateral rectus muscle
• Sclera
• Choroids
• Retina
• Macula
• Fovea
• Optic nerve
• Optic nerve head
• Medial rectus muscle
• Vitreous body

Lateral rectus muscle  and medial rectus muscle keeps the eye away from the nose. Lens is a spherical body in the eye. It is located behind the cornea that focuses light rays on the retina. Cornea is the clear part of the eye. It cover iris and pupil. Pupil is the round dark center of the eye. It opens and closes to regular the amount of light. Aqueous  humor  is a fluid in front of the eye between the cornea and the iris. It provides nutrients to cornea and the lens. Colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil is called iris. Sclera is the outer coat of the eye ball. It forms the visible white of the eye. It surrounds the optic nerve at the back of the eyeball. Layers of blood vessels located between the sclera and the retina is called choroid. Retina receives the image formed by the lens and convert it to signals that reach the brain by way of the optic nerve. Macula helps to see objects with extreme detail.